Vaginal Infection: What to Do About Bacterial Vaginosis and Fungal Infections

Almost every woman experiences a vaginal infection at least once in her life. The term “vaginal infection” encompasses a wide range of infections affecting the vagina and surrounding structures. Unfortunately, due to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, infections often remain unresolved and can recur.

The vaginal flora refers to the microorganisms naturally present in a woman’s vagina, primarily beneficial bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus. These bacteria produce lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which prevent the overgrowth of harmful microbes and fungi. The natural vaginal pH ranges from 3.8 to 4.2.

Various factors can disrupt the vaginal microbiome, leading to infections. Common causes include:

• Use of medications such as antibiotics or contraceptives

• Hormonal changes (ovulation, menopause, pregnancy)

• Weakened immune system

• Certain diseases (e.g., diabetes)

• Frequent use of inappropriate intimate hygiene products

• Wearing tight, synthetic underwear

• Daily use of panty liners

• Frequent change of sexual partners

Symptoms of Vaginal Infections

Common symptoms include:

• Abnormal discharge (yellowish, greenish, or curd-like)

• Unpleasant odor

• Itching, burning, or discomfort in the vagina

• Painful urination

• Lower abdominal pain and cramps

• Pain during sexual intercourse

Types of Vaginal Infections

Vaginal infections are generally classified by the causative agent:

• Bacterial infections (Gardnerella vaginalis)

• Fungal infections (Candida albicans)

• Parasitic infections (Trichomonas vaginalis)

• Viral infections (HPV, genital herpes)

Differences Between Fungal and Bacterial Infections

Symptoms of vaginal infections may appear similar, but treatment depends on the cause. Complications arise when bacterial and fungal infections occur simultaneously, as bacterial infections may sometimes show no symptoms.

Both infections involve abnormal discharge, but with distinct characteristics:

• Fungal infection: Thick, white, curd-like discharge with a mild odor; intense itching and irritation; vulva appears pink or red. Vaginal pH remains normal.

• Bacterial infection: Thin, watery, grayish-white discharge with a fishy odor; itching is less pronounced; vaginal pH is alkaline.

Fungal Infection

Fungal infections are most often caused by Candida albicans, a normal resident of the vagina that causes problems only when overgrown due to disrupted flora or altered pH.

Symptoms:

• Intense vulvar itching

• Burning, irritation, and sensitivity

• Pain during urination or sexual intercourse

• Swelling and redness of the vagina and vulva

• Small cracks or sores

• White, curd-like discharge without odor

Treatment:

Diagnosis is based on gynecological examination, pH measurement, and microscopic confirmation. Treatment depends on whether the infection is simple or complicated. Complicated infections may involve severe redness, swelling, persistent itching, other Candida species, uncontrolled diabetes, or pregnancy.

Therapies include:

• Topical antifungals: Creams or vaginal suppositories (clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin), some available over the counter

• Oral antifungals: Fluconazole, usually as a single dose, prescription required

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when the vaginal flora is imbalanced, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Gardnerella vaginalis is the most common culprit. BV is not considered a classical sexually transmitted infection, though it occurs more often in sexually active women, especially those with multiple or new partners.

Symptoms:

• Often asymptomatic

• Thin, grayish-white, watery discharge with a fishy odor, especially after intercourse or menstruation

• Vaginal irritation and occasional itching

Treatment:

Untreated BV can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or preterm birth. Treatment involves oral antibiotics and/or topical preparations (vaginal tablets or creams) prescribed by a gynecologist, often combined with oral or vaginal Lactobacillus supplements. Unlike other sexually transmitted infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, ureaplasma, mycoplasma), male partners usually do not require treatment. Sexual activity should be avoided or condoms used during therapy, and follow-up testing is recommended to confirm resolution.

Vaginal Capsules for Treatment and Prevention

For women who frequently experience recurring infections, preventive measures are important. Over-the-counter vaginal products can support treatment or act as preventive therapy. Key ingredients include:

• Hyaluronic acid: Anti-inflammatory, soothing, forms a protective film

• Probiotics: Restore healthy vaginal flora; used during or after antibiotics, antifungals, or for recurring infections

• Lactoferrin: Broad antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity

• Microporous silver: Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory

• Lactic acid: Restores normal vaginal pH

• Glycogen: Nourishes beneficial bacteria

• Essential oils: Tea tree (antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, immune-stimulating), thyme, sage, immortelle, calendula

• St. John’s wort oil: Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory

Conclusion

Maintaining a slightly acidic vaginal pH is crucial for preventing infections. Use mild, pH-balanced external hygiene products free of fragrances and preservatives; internal washing of the vagina should be avoided. Maintaining women’s health also involves a healthy lifestyle: a diet rich in natural foods, responsible sexual behavior, regular gynecological checkups, and attentive self-care.